فصلنامه لسان مبین (پژوهش ادب عرب)
پیاپی 33 (پاییز 1397)

Taha Hussein is one of the first contemporary writers in the history of Arabic literature wich Understanding his desirable approach to the historiography of Arabic literature is useful in identifying a superior approach to compiling new books on the history of Arabic literature. The aim of the article, by skinner's hermeneutic method, is to describe the desirable approach of Taha Hussein in the history of literary criticism and its inefficiencies. Findings show: None of the political, scientific, or merely literary approaches have the effectiveness of compiling the history of the literature of all sunglasses. And the most striking approach to writing the history of Arabic literature in the works of Taha Hussein is the "civilization approach"; That is, the writing of the history of literature by describing the cultural situation of society and the role of the ancient civilizations (Persian and Greek) in the literary features of the author. The factors of this approach can be summarized in: the flourishing of Arabic literature by cultural exchange, the impact of humanity on the cultural environment, the impact of culture and scientific space on the formation of scientific and literary character, and the principle of borrowing languages from each other.

Personality is one of the approaches to the critique of psychology, which in the twentieth century has entered a new field of literature. In this way, the critic, based on the principles of psychology, explores the psychological depths and creator's personality of literary work through his works. One of the important theories of personality recognition in the modern psychology of the "Eneagram" theory is that by using it, one can recall the type of personality brigade of each person among the nine types of this pattern. The present research is descriptive-analytic in order to identify the personality type of Urwah in his poems and reflect his personality type in his poems and introduce the factors influencing the formation of the character of Urwah. It seems that the characteristics of the behavior of Urwah are more in line with the characteristics of Assyrian type 2 and his personality brigade, in the form of a humane, compassionate, self-sacrificing, gracious, and helping the poor and the oppressed, However, the stimulus of such behaviors is the attempt to overcome the pain of restraint caused by the injustice and inequality of the individual and his social life, and his humanitarian behaviors and behaviors more in proving himself to society and attracting attention. Confirmation of others.

Nostalgia is homesick for the homeland or nostalgia of remembering the past, pleasant and bright. Nostalgia seemingly new topics in literature, But the desire to return home was one of the key issues in Arabic literature and from ancient times the pre-Islamic era, poets had learned with regret good memories, beloved, and The ruins of the beloved home. This literary genre in literature Umayyad and Abbasid periods also grew. Maqamehs of Bediuzzaman Hamadani and Maqamehs of Hariri the sample texts of the Abbasid era in which the themes of nostalgia seen. In this study, we tried to examine the components of nostalgia in The Maqamehs of Bediuzzaman Hamadani and Maqamehs of Hariri . This study in which the two books of prose texts of ancient Arabic literature, could somehow prove the existence of elements of nostalgia for the old literature, especially prose.IN these two works, components of "yearning for the old days, being away from home, loss of values" and anti-nostalgia" and anti-nostalgia, is observed. You can also acknowledged that some kind of nostalgia Called "false nostalgia" There's in the Mqameh,That somehow represents the use of these components is one of the techniques beggary at that time.

Image in the poetry is one of the issues that has always been investigated in various forms, but the subject of “imagism” in the poetry has been raised only in the extent of a term. In new era, with the appearance of “Modern Poem” or “Blank Verse”, many of contemporary poets have partly abandoned the attention to literary arrays and the use of difficult rhythmic phrases. They have provided a poem full of sequential images, as well as thematic unity for the readers, in a plain language. Also, imagism in the poetry can not be accomplished in a line of a poem and only by presenting a metaphor, indeed, this art includes a complete odeath or a part of it. In this study, our aim is to investigate imagism in Sa’di Yusuf’s poetry and the amount of his usage of this art based on the division of Ez-al-din Esmail. Also, in this research, an analytical-descriptive method is used to study the type of image-using in Sa’di Yusuf poetry. He is one of the Iraqi prominent poets who has a great skill in using the image. The results show that Sa’di Yusuf has used all elements of visualization to apply imagism technique and create dramatic images and present his poem as a dramatic sequence. Also, in his poetry, Sa’di deals with many social issues, in fact, he has provided imagism as a means of reflecting the needs and desires of Iraqi societies and Arab worlds.

Social novels, more than any other work, can be a suitable basis for reflecting the events and reality of society. The "Heart of Night" novel is one of the eminent works of the noble who has been able to show some social events in contemporary Egypt. The confrontation between tradition and modernity, which brought about changes and social transformations in the contemporary world of Egypt, was one of the most important events that was depicted in the novel with particular artistic and elegant features. The present article seeks to analyze the confrontation between tradition and modernity in the novel "Heart of Night" and the author's position on this issue through a descriptive-analytical method. The findings show that the Najib mahfoz, according to the events of this novel, has considered both the categories; in other words, he sets the middle course and shows equilibrium and balance;He calls for the positive aspects of tradition and modernity and he is competing with each other. The Najib mahfoz also points out that philosophically, the movement of life on one of the pillars of instincts and nature or rationalism to failure and destruction; on the other hand, attention to traditionalism without entering the world Modern, or the abandonment of traditions and entry into modernity, will eventually tend to the defeat of man as all the needs of the individual will not be met in the shadow of one-dimensional life.

In this article, we have discussed the changes Arabic vocabulary involved that many of them are mentioned in the great dictionary of sokhan. These changes are described and classified at the semantic level. During this transition, a large number of Arabic vocabularies have been introduced into the Persian language, with their main and first modulus in Arabic language and they have been spreading and flowing in the language of the people; but they have lost their original meaning and modulus and have taken a new meaning; A meaning that Cannot be found Address them In Arabic! Nowadays this change has been caused by external causes or internal causes of language in the domain of meaning.The mental cause is the internal causes of language which has occurred or based on the adjacency of two meanings in the mind which is the same authorized and its types, Or, on the basis two similar meanings which is same permissible in the interest of similarity (metaphor). In this paper, we have tried to examine this category of Arabic vocabulary and explain the causes of the evolution of their meanings with scientific methods.